Urban Planning in Developing Countries

Urban Planning in Developing States Presentation In late mature ages, there has been an expanding association in third universe urban arranging. Over past three decennaries at that spot has been a major movement of China's populace from country to urban parts. As Grubler says: â€Å"Fast urbanization and subsequent land use adjustment had modified biological systems, wrecked natural life home grounds, changed territorial climes and discharged large totals of C into the atmosphere† ( Grubler, 1998 ) . At a similar clasp, the metropoliss are growing truly quick yet overlooked the nature of arranging. As an impact, the residents' life quality has dropped rapidly. There is grounds, all things considered, that residents who live in an all around arranged city happen it simple to hold a high felicity degree. For outline, Barcelona's city program stays a standout amongst other hypothetical records known to man even Spain might be going up against significant financial and political difficulties these mature ages. Contrasted and different metropoliss in the improvement states, Barcelona has paid all the more going to on the city clients' perceptual experience and experience, the city contrivers at any point put the clients' inclination premier thus comes the guidelines, that is the reason Barcelona's residents can simple loll their life at that place. On the different manus, residents of the building up nations' metropoliss will be more enthusiastically to propel bliss file. A request starting from these contemplations concerns the best way to design metropoliss or rethink metropoliss of creating states. The endeavor will investigate the urban structure in creating states. It will see how to do the most fit assurance for each third universe states ‘ arranging. It will elucidate why we should pay all the more taking care of this nation. To start with, the endeavor will do a contrasting between the urban plan in created states and that in creating states. Second, the endeavor will talk about how to do a decent program in creating states. Third, the endeavor will investigation the attainability of doing a decent program in creating states. Area 1 Urban arranging in the universeUrban arranging in created statesPlaning used to be a physical endless hypothesis, however for the present, the built up nations' arranging is a hypothesis of open approach and open course. As the fundamental urban structure is finished, what they should make presently is only to keep up updating every nation of a city and increment open commitment. As Potter says: â€Å"By now, numerous states in both the created and creating universe parts embrace the interest for more noteworthy open commitment in arranging, in spite of the fact that in design, many may only compensation it lip service.† ( Potter, 2012, p.149 ) In created states, the contrivers play an of import work in the general public. The contrivers ever spend cluster of clasp to comprehend the metropoliss and gauge the advancement of the metropoliss. City resembles a framework and the framework is a confounded entireness, which contains a clump of items and developments. The contrivers in created states will make their best to join them and do them identified with one another. On the different manus, the contrivers are ever happy to tune in to the residents and move up their opinions ; they will join grouping of specific requests and projects to go a far reaching sane pick. For these grounds, the residents in created states are a lot simpler to acquire felicity.Urban arranging in creating statesThe arranging methodology in supposed creating states, similar to China, is drastically not the same as western states. In late mature ages, huge Numberss of teachers returned from abroad passing on back the musings of outsiders, so base on bal ls on to their students. Be that as it may, the urbanization strategy in China is somewhat extraordinary with remote states and we do non hold an ain hypothesis which is appropriate for this situation, the way we are be aftering is duplicating western hypothetical records, that is the reason we have such a great amount of occupations in the present metropoliss. Creating states ever have financially in reverse, the least demanding way to turn monetary framework is to expand the populace. With the developing of populace, numerous occupations will be a lot harder to work out than prior, for example, the connections between people, housing, travel and condition. The contrivers in the greater part of the creating states at any point put total compensations in the primary topographic point and negligence the city client's understanding, they will accept little about the city's in the future. Creating states other than used to interest the create speed and dismissal the nature of a city. Any city's improvement is a long recorded methodology, there must hold a major figure of human progress relics in this strategy. In any case, as this period of urban arranging in China, the vast majority of the authentic and social sights were gravely harmed by our supposed turn of events. When talking about the earth in China, it is other than an enormous activit y. A decent situation is a basic status of city creating. With the inadmissible strategy for program a city, the air quality, H2O quality and other natural quality diminished forcefully in these couple of decennaries. Contrasted and the urban arranging in created states, there is a lack of future possibilities in creating states ‘ urban arranging. Area 2 Instructions to do a fit program in creating states 2.1 What should specialists and contrivers do? The specialists should pay more going to on city arranging than prior. They used to pay too much going to on the monetary framework expanding and about disregarded the city arranging, so they ought to change their head to keep up the harmony between them. The specialists should reinforce the genuineness of urban be aftering which including fortify law requirement, advance the implementation system, better authorization steps and other related advances. During the arranging methodology, the contrivers should set residents to the main topographic point however non total compensations. Natural quality is extremely of import in presents, the contrivers ought to non ignore it in light of the fact that urban arranging is a hypothesis of working the people, and they ought to build up the city without hurt the earth of residents. Urban be aftering ought to mirror the total compensations of the masses, for example, the nation of travel, diversion, clinical consideration, guidance, etc, contri vers must do certain individuals situated. As Silva says: â€Å"Urban contrivers face significant difficulties in the total of informations towards investigating the perpetually changing cultural, monetary and natural conditions in cities.† ( Silva, 2010, p.388 ) 2.2 What should residents make? Urban arranging is non a matter of specialists and contrivers, the people ought to other than take an interest in it. The residents of a city should better their quality and have a global situation to pass on help to urban turn of events. In created states, the right hypothesis said that urban arranging is a community oriented technique. At the point when fundamental, open should give equitable advices and supportive recommendations to help the contrivers, ensure the system is come oning. On the different manus, everybody should make their best to ensure the earth and chop down the misuse of assets in the technique of urban turn of events, so as to chop down the power per unit zone of specialists and contrivers. The association between urban areas' clients and contrivers ought to be a co-activity relationship. Segment 3 The possibility of urban arranging in creating states. 3.1 An occurrence examination of Shanghai This section presents an occasion investigation of Shanghai, China ‘s biggest and the greater part of import modern place. Fast mechanical and monetary advancement in China in the course of the last three decennaries has brought about a major relocation from rustic nations to metropoliss, the number of inhabitants in Shanghai was more than twofold and building nation expanded rapidly every piece same as the figure of vehicles. For this ground, it is a really intense work to rethink a city like Shanghai. Since we can non chop down the figure of populace, the solitary way to rethink the city is to oblige the current situation and occur out the fit arrangements. During the past decennaries, Shanghai had spent a colossal figure of cash on the urban foundation contributing ( see Appendix 1 ) . Indeed, even the specialists utilized this segment of fillip to overhaul a group of nations of base contributing, yet it is as yet hard to equilibrate the connections between people, housing, travel and condition. 3.2 Problems and inconveniences The relocation and urbanization is still continue expanding in the metropoliss like Shanghai and we can non ascertain the great beyond. On the off chance that we can develop close to nothing and moderate-sized metropoliss, which have flawless guide, encompass the huge metropoliss, they may pull individuals to go in from the enormous metropoliss. This technique will change the relocation and urbanization propensity, it other than can better the developing and advancement of both enormous metropoliss and different metropoliss. As Pacione says: National mechanical improvement strategy, including the assurance to build pretty much nothing and moderate-sized metropoliss for contributing assignment expectations, has straight influenced the developing and advancement of Shanghai†¦ They infer that the Chinese accomplishment in enormous scope urban transmutation and their achievement in joining the spacial developing of large modern communities is a particular achievement in urban and provincial arranging, which ought to be concentrated intently by contrivers in both the created and the immature states. ( Pacione, 1981, p.26 ) On the different manus, this technique might be futile to China on account of the populace. There has more possibilities in enormous metropoliss, for example, Shanghai, it is genuinely an extreme work to adjust individuals' head to move to littler metropoliss. With a colossal figure of populace and insufficiency

Evaluate the Influence of Two Major Theories of Ageing on Health and Social Care Service Provision Essay Example

Assess the Influence of Two Major Theories of Aging on Health and Social Care Service Provision Paper Word related Therapy is affected by The Activity Theory since it assists with advancing autonomy. An OT’s run of the mill day would be that they show their patient a self-care task I. e. dressing, preparing or individual cleanliness. They could likewise show their patients remedial exercises, for example, parity, coordination or an arriving at undertaking, or help them with a restorative exercise which assists with improving their adaptability, quality and development. These errands will help the patient in their regular daily existence, making it simpler for them to do the things they need this could be to brush their own teeth, utilize the bathroom without anyone else and even dress themselves with no assistance. An OT truly assists with doing this since they tailor their medicines to every patient they have. This causes the patient to take advantage of the treatment and as opposed to simply get back their developments they had before they in general improve it with the medications. An OT likewise advances exercises since it gets individuals retreat after they’ve had a stroke, ailment or a fall doing the things that they adored and the things that they need to do. This additionally gets individuals mingling again in light of the fact that they are getting making the rounds and not staying cooped up inside their home, so in this manner OT advances social communication just as advancing exercises. Word related Therapy and the Disengagement Theory We will compose a custom article test on Evaluate the Influence of Two Major Theories of Aging on Health and Social Care Service Provision explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Evaluate the Influence of Two Major Theories of Aging on Health and Social Care Service Provision explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Evaluate the Influence of Two Major Theories of Aging on Health and Social Care Service Provision explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Word related Therapy is affected by The Disengagement Theory since individuals with may pull back from society since they feel that they don’t need the treatment or potentially they don’t need it. By them feeling like this they may not go to the medications and therefore, their condition may deteriorate making them remain inside their home. For instance, if a male occupant had a fall and broke his arm he might be hesitant to get any treatment for it since he feels that he hasn’t ever required a specialist previously so he will be fine and it will recuperate. This may bring about his arm getting solid and the developments in his arm might be divided. This could cause him to feel inept and humiliated in light of the fact that he now can’t do things as he did previously, making him need to remain inside and not member in exercises or get-togethers. Care homes and The Disengagement Theory Care homes are impacted by The Disengagement Theory since they permit individuals to pull back from society, they are basically care based and just a couple of exercises are put on in the consideration homes. A few instances of the exercises they may put on are bowls and bands. These exercises may not intrigue all the inhabitants which may make them remain inside as they can’t be tried to descend just to watch or the movement may not suit for their requirements so they will most likely be unable to take an interest in the action, this could cause the occupant to feel moronic, humiliated and desolate as they can’t engage with different occupants. This thusly could make the inhabitant not have any desire to come out of their condo at all since they haven’t engaged with anything previously, they may feel less certain in light of the fact that they don’t know anybody well overall. This may make potential hindrances to social associations between the inhabitants inside the consideration home. Care homes don’t advance autonomy very well either. This is on the grounds that they are predominantly parental figures, anyway this isn’t all consideration homes only the lion's share. They don’t advance autonomy since they would typically give all the consideration, for example, helping inhabitants get dressed, wash them, help them to go to the bathroom and even assistance them to eat. A few occupants may like this since it gives them a simple life however a few inhabitants won’t have quite a bit of a decision in light of their wellbeing or sickness they may have. Care homes and The Activity Theory Care homes are affected by The Activity Theory since some consideration homes, for example, Norah Bellot Court elevate exercises to get the inhabitants in question and moving which permits the staff individuals to evaluate the wellbeing and prosperity of the occupants. Norah Bellot Court is all the more a protected lodging yet I’m going to utilize it for instance. They put on exercises, for example, pool or snooker, bowls, bands, the WII in addition to all the games they may have, book days and film days. You can advise that the inhabitants truly prefer to get included in any event, when their wellbeing or ailment disables them from participating in they despite everything come down to participate and impart the organization to different occupants.

Overview of Astraphobia, a Fear of Thunderstorms

Overview of Astraphobia, a Fear of Thunderstorms Phobias Types Print Overview of Astraphobia, the Fear of Thunderstorms By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 23, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 13, 2018 john finney photography/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Storms are natural phenomena that tend to inspire strong emotions in both humans and animals. Some love to watch them, sitting in the doorway or by the window as the thunder and lightning crash all around. Some even choose to go outside, taking what many would consider an unhealthy risk in order to play in the rain. At the opposite extreme, both humans and animals may develop astraphobia, or a fear of thunder and lightning. Symptoms Astraphobia can cause some symptoms that are similar to those of other phobias, as well as some that are unique. Sweating, shaking and crying may occur during a thunderstorm or even just before one begins. You may seek constant reassurance during the storm. Symptoms are often heightened when you are alone. Additionally, many people with astraphobia seek shelter beyond normal protection from the storm. For example, you may hide under the covers or even under the bed. You may go to the basement, an inside room (such as a bathroom) or even a closet. You may close the curtains and attempt to block out the sounds of the storm. Another fairly common symptom is an obsession with weather forecasts. You may find yourself glued to the Weather Channel during the rainy season or tracking storms online. You may develop an inability to go about activities outside your home without first checking the weather reports. In extreme cases, astraphobia can eventually lead to agoraphobia, or fear of leaving your home. Astraphobia in Children Astraphobia is extremely common in children and should not be immediately recognized as a phobia. Since fears are a normal part of development, phobias are not diagnosed in children unless they persist for six months or more. Try to soothe your child’s fears by remaining calm yourself. If you are scared of storms, your child will pick up on your nervousness. Use a combination of reassurance and distraction to help your child cope. Some parents find that a planned rainy day routine, such as popcorn and movies or board games, can help by giving the child something to look forward to. Of course, if the fear is severe and inconsolable, or if it lasts longer than six months, it is important to seek treatment. Over time, a child’s fear of storms could become a full-blown, difficult-to-treat phobia in adulthood. Treatment Cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques are often used in astraphobia treatment. You may be taught soothing messages to repeat during storms, replacing your negative self-talk. You may be taught visualization exercises that you can use to calm your fears. A Word From Verywell While a specific phobia like astraphobia can be distressing and disabling, the good news is that they are treatable. If you are worried you have astraphobia, it is important to consult with a mental health professional as soon as possible so you receive the help you deserve.

Leader, Leadership, And Management - 1430 Words

Leader is a word denoted to people in authority, but are all people in authority truly leaders? This is a common question raised by people around the world. There are different opinions on the subject regarding â€Å"leadership† and â€Å"management†. These two words are expressed and understood differently. Some treat both terms equally using the words irrespectively of the other. There are those who believe there are fundamental differences, but believe an individual may be successful as both leader and manager in a particular role. Others approach these designations as opposites and argue you cannot be a good manager while being a great leader. Ultimately, organizations need leaders to provide vision and managers to make those visions a reality. Let us begin by defining the word leader. Based on a dictionary definition, â€Å"leader† is â€Å"1. A person or thing that leads, 2. It is a guiding or directing head, as of an army, a movement, or a politic al group†. Furthermore, definitions of â€Å"leadership† include â€Å"1. The position or function of a leader, a person who guides or directs a group, 2. Ability to lead, 3. An act or instance of leading; guiding; directing.† Additionally, words synonymous with leadership include command, initiative, and influence. Many definitions delineate the word leadership, but ideally, great leaders influence their peers and followers to become better at who they are, and what they do. In addition, because of the example leaders set, followers willShow MoreRelatedGood Leadership And Management Leaders1424 Words   |  6 PagesSuccess in organizations requires capable leadership and management leaders. Every company, organization, and foundation has a specific goal to reach. The best way to achieve this goal is to have a good leadership and capable management leaders. 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Leadership and Management are two complementary systems of action, which both are necessary for an organization to thrive, but they are not the same. Although you would think that in order to successfully manage, one must first be a leader, many managers do not possess the qualities and skills needed to be a leader. Leadership is defined as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of othersRead MoreUnderstanding Leaders And Managers : Leadership And Management1615 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding Leaders and Managers In today’s business world employees, industries, and consumers look toward company leaders like Steve Jobs (Former Apple CEO), Anne Mulcahy (Former Xerox CEO), Jeff Bezos (Amazon CEO), Elon Musk (Former PayPal CEO), and Eric Schmidt (Goggle CEO) to understand the dynamic roles of leadership and management. These two allusive terms have inspired a great deal of conversation, articles, and books full of material about their true meanings. These two words have alsoRead MoreOrganization Management And Leadership : An Effective Leader2204 Words   |  9 PagesTrexler DNSC 6247 - Organization Management and Leadership November 2, 2014 â€Æ' Introduction Even though it may be argued good leaders are born, it is evident that learning is a continuous process which is required in becoming an effective leader. This implies effective leaders are products of a continuous process of self-study, experience, education, and training. An effective leader is not the one who takes the leadership position to be referred to as a leader but rather one who is able to inspireRead MoreLeadership And Management : How Good Leadership Can Be A Better Leader?2103 Words   |  9 PagesLeaders come from many different backgrounds, have different approaches, and have different styles than other leaders. Every person has something that makes them unique. Over the semester, we have learned about many different aspects of leadership and management. Putting it all together now I can analyze the three leaders and managers that I interviewed and determine their differences and similarities to what my textbooks have taught me. Leadership is often thought of as a trait that cannot beRead MoreAtT Project Management Center of Excellence Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership3470 Words   |  14 PagesUNIVERSITY ANTIPOLO CAMPUS A BUSINESS CASE STUDY ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership Submitted to: Dr, Marmelo V. Abante - CCS Dept. Head / Project Management Professor - Submitted by: Brioso, John Oliver P. - Student - ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership INTRODUCTION As a world leader in communication technology, ATT connects people from all aroundRead MoreAtT Project Management Center of Excellence Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership3459 Words   |  14 PagesANTIPOLO CAMPUS A BUSINESS CASE STUDY ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership Submitted to: Dr, Marmelo V. Abante - CCS Dept. Head / Project Management Professor - Submitted by: Brioso, John Oliver P. - Student - ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership INTRODUCTION As a world leader in communication technology, ATT connects people from allRead MoreDescribe the Importance of Quality Leadership and the Difference Between Leadership and Management Within a Health and Social Care Environment, and Explain the Ethical Value Framework Leaders of Services Should Adhere to3762 Words   |  16 PagesMANAGEMENTETHICS, LEADERSHIP AND INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CAREHS4501-40Describe The Importance Of Quality Leadership And The Difference Between Leadership And Management Within A Health And Social Care Environment, And Explain The Ethical Value Framework Leaders Of Services Should Adhere To STUDENT ID: 213599 06/05/2011 WORD COUNT 3,606 | | Describe The Importance Of Quality Leadership And TheRead MoreLeadership And Management : Similarities And Differences1363 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and Management Similarities and Differences Introduction In this essay the intention is to define the similarities and difference between the functions of Leaders and Managers where their roles influence the functions within the Government sector. Leaders and Managers can be defined as â€Å"one possessing a natural ability to influence individuals and or groups† as opposed to one who is guided in â€Å"a set of processes that keep an organisation functioning where one is a non-inherent trait

Subway International And The Global Fast Food Industry

Subway International and the Global Fast Food Industry Murad H. Yousef BU 502 - Applied Business Research and Communication Skills Southern State University August 21, 2015 Abstract This case study determines the critical success factors used by Subway Restaurants Corporation to expand nationally, which the corporation wants to use also to expand internationally. In addition, this paper describes the competition and the prospect success in Asia-Pacific and Latin America. In general, the fast food industry is discovered with respect to the history and future plans of fast food chain Subway international for expanding and accretion in Asia-Pacific and Latin America, containing the four factors that Subway should use to compete and success in those markets. Each proposed country market has unique cultural and religious requirements should be realized by Subway, as well as the consumption patterns, market trends, and the franchise values which determine from the local traditional fast food compared to the viewpoint of Subway’s healthy alternatives and low expansion costs. Keywords: Subway, factor, competition, expansion. Executive Summary Introduction The success of Subway started in 1965, when Fred Deluca took an advice from family friend Peter Buck, to open a sandwich shop to earn more money and to pay for his education. The first Subway branch opened in Bridgeport, Connecticut. 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The franchise runs 38,813 restaurants in 99 countries. Today, the SUBWAY brand is the worlds largest submarine sandwich chain. The SUBWAY franchise provides variety of great testing and healthier foods and the third largest fast food chain. Read MoreWhy Franchise? Why Subway1666 Words   |  7 Pagesand referrals from their clients to businesses in their territory. This is a powerful sales tool when marketing to businesses who may have offices already being serviced in other areas by other franchisees in their network. 13. National and international contracts. As the franchise develops a countrywide presence, the franchisor will be able to market to large companies and win national business for its franchisees, providing their business with a regular stream of high value, repeat businessRead MoreFranchising Subway Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesFranchising Subway Franchising has attracted some 34,000 people in the UK to invest in their future in self employment. Here are 15 reasons why franchises offer an attractive business opportunity. 1. Established brand value. Prior to launching a franchise, the franchisor has developed and established attractive and meaningful branding for the operation, and as the network of franchisees expands the national recognition of this brand grows. When a franchisee enters into a mature franchiseeRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of A Fast Food Industry1488 Words   |  6 PagesRestaurants) or the Fast Food Industry, has been burgeoning in the past few decades with the emergence of global brands like McDonald s, Domino s, Wendy s, KFC, Subway, etc. The success of these brands can be attributed to the continuous differentiation strategy they follow to ensure their brand stands out from the remaining. The popularity of these restaurants is due to the quick service of quality fast-food and minimal table service, everything of which is customer-centric. 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Finally, it provides a brief description of the companys pricing and advertising strategy As a SUBWAY ® storeRead MoreCase Number One - Subway Sandwich Shops Situation Analysis1793 Words   |  8 PagesCase Number One - Subway Sandwich Shops Situation Analysis Subway Sandwich, as presented in the Case Study presented in the Marketing Management MGT 551 class, is an undisputed market leader in a segment that is â€Å"firmly established as a nationwide food item for which there is plenty of room in all areas† (University of Phoenix, 2008). However, with a growing competition, changing consumer trends and increased product specialization, Subway’s real strategic marketing challenge is to be able to developRead MoreInternational Franchising2661 Words   |  11 Pagesbusinesses, and the future of international franchising. 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Motivation Essay Free Essays

string(53) " it allows the individual to monitor their progress\." INTRODUCTION Motivation is the process of initiating and directing behaviour based on the persistence of effort to satisfy an individual goal or need (Petri, 1991; Robbins et al, 2000 and Robbins et al, 2001). There are two approaches to understanding motivation, each of which has theories expanding to support the nature of motivation. Content theories focuses on what motivates an individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In contrast to process theories of motivation which focus on how individual behaviour is motivated. This essay will focus on motivation in an educational context and the importance to provide opportunities and motivation for students. The purpose of this essay is to present a theoretical overview of the key differences between content theories and process theories of motivation. Then a programme developed from a theory to be applied to an undergraduate business course at Monash University. The motivational programme will focus on improving the assessment technique used by lecturers and tutors (â€Å"teachers†) that will motivate and improve undergraduate students learning ability. The aim will be to encourage students to gain a better understanding of the core concepts of business. Assessment in universities needs to be reshaped in order to motivate students. CONTENT THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Content theories are also referred to, as need theories. That is, motivational theories that look at what individual needs motivate and direct behaviour to respond to specific goals. Many early theories from the 1950? s, include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y and Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory, established core concepts which have helped explain motivation especially in an organisational setting. McClelland’s three needs theory is a more contemporary view on the content theory approach to motivation that focuses on three important needs in work situations. Each theory identifies individual needs in order to understand behaviour. The main factors that underlie this approach is the need to understand that individuals have different needs, and what can be offered in response to these different needs as well as the importance on the external working environment to give individuals the opportunity to satisfy their needs (Robbins et al, 2000, p558). An example of a content theory of motivation is Douglas McGregor theory of the A? A ±A? A µeconomic manA? A ±A? A ¶. He proposed 2 contrasting views of human nature. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y suggested one negative (Theory X) and one positive (Theory Y) view on human beings. He â€Å"concluded that a manager’s view of the nature of human beings is based on a certain grouping of assumptions and that he or she tends to mould his or her behaviour towards employees according to these assumptions† (Robbins et al, 2001, p199). The negative assumptions were labeled â€Å"Theory X†, which held four dominant assumptions of workers. Workers dislike work and go to great strengths to avoid it. Based on this it is believed that workers need to be punished with tight control systems in order for them to achieve goals. In addition, workers lack responsibility, thus need formal directions from superiors to perform. Such Theory X workers are predominately motivated by lower-order needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy for example they need security. In contrast, â€Å"Theory Y† assumes higher order needs dominate individuals. Thus, Theory Y workers enjoy responsibility where they can exhibit self-direction and self-control. Therefore, in order to motivate workers, mangers need to provide a working environment that provides challenging jobs and minimal formalisation. Applying this to an educational context, it can be assumed that teachers can either have a Theory X or a Theory Y view of students. That is, teachers can view students as A? A ±A? A ·lazy or un-cooperative† (Theory X) OR as â€Å"being clever and work hard† (Theory Y). Teachers that adapt a Theory Y approach, are more likely to be attuned to students’ needs, actively participate with students to increase student skill-development and learning (OECD, 2000). It is important for teachers to become more student-centered. Therefore assessment must â€Å"focus more on student learning outcomes and students’ attitudes about what they are learning and their role in the teaching and learning process† (Carey, Wallace and Carey, 2001). This can be better understood by considering process theories of motivation. Process theories of motivation set out to explain how people choose a course of action they will pursue, not solely on individual needs like content theories. PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Despite the fact that content theories of motivation have helped many organisations understand employee motivation, many of their concepts alone do not provide a comprehensive understanding of motivation. Therefore, the introduction of another approach to understanding motivation was brought about. Process theories of motivation attempt to explain the process of arousing behaviour, sustaining and regulating the pattern of behaviour (Ames and Ames, 1989). Theories include goal setting, reinforcement, equity and expectancy theory. â€Å"These theories attempt to explain why people choose to behave in a certain way and the reasons they react as they do† (Robbins et al, 2000, p558). In contrast to content theories of motivation, which looked at what initiates behaviour to satisfy a need, this approach broadens the perspective of motivation. It looks at the underlying reasoning that influence individuals to behave and respond in a certain way. Therefore, motivating students by either punishing them to perform or encouraging self-direction, the goal setting theory, identifies underlying factors that achieve a given behaviour, which is the key to understanding the process approach to motivation. Goal setting theory states that â€Å"specific and difficult goals, with goal feedback, lead to higher performance† (Robbins et al, 2001, p770). That is, work motivation can be increased with goal specific directed behaviour. It also proposes that difficult goals, provided that the individual has accepted them, lead to higher performance than general goals. However, feedback is essential in the achievement of specific and difficult goals â€Å"because feedback helps identify discrepancies between what they have done and what they want to do† (Robbins et al, 2000, p559). In order to gain the performance benefits of specific goals, feedback helps shape the individuals behaviour. Better still, self-generated feedback is a greater motivator as it allows the individual to monitor their progress. You read "Motivation Essay" in category "Essay examples" Robbins et al (2000) suggested that goal setting theory is best suited to cultures were there is a moderate power distance, low in uncertainty avoidance and high in quantity of life like Australia and New Zealand. These ensure a reasonable level of independence amongst individuals and those individuals will not be threatened to take on difficult goals. Also the importance of performance is shared by all. In goal setting theory, â€Å"the characteristics of a goal and attitudes towards it are thought to be influenced by incentives, self-perceptions and the manner in which the goals are set† (Brotherton, 1999, p36). Therefore, in an educational context the teacher and student need to work together to determine behavioural strategies that will lead to performance. End-of course evaluations conducted by Monash University A? A ±A? A ·elicit students’ attitudes about instructors and the role that they play in the teaching/learning process† (Carey, Wallace and Carey, 2001). Such instruments assess students’ motivation for learning and allow for continuous course and program improvement. MOTIVATIONAL PROGRAMME Feedback from end-of course evaluations â€Å"usually prompts an ongoing adaptation of a course to the emerging learning needs of its students† (Panasuk and Leabaron, 1999). It was found that â€Å"students consistently expressed views that new assessment motivated them to work in different ways† (Sambell and McDowell, 1998). The aim in developing motivational programme for undergraduate students will focus on assessment reform applying the goal setting theory. This proposition will encourage students to target specific goals, in hope that it will result in higher performance. The programme will involve students in their evaluation process in order to motivate them to actively participate in their skill-development and improve learning. Every act of assessment gives a message to students about what they should be learning and how they should go about it† (Sambell and McDowell, 1998). The programme will suggest that goals based evaluation criteria will improve students’ motivation in turn achieving a greater level of performance. The programme will focus on behaviour related to undergraduate business students at Monash University. It w ill include a check mark grading system that will be designed around behavioural objectives. The check-mark systems sets a specific standard for document quality, and instructors give a paper a â€Å"check mark† when it meets the standard† (Sorenson, Savage and Hartman, 1993). Students are required to set their own achievement goals, in terms of grades based on their overall subject result. That way they can evaluate their progress toward their goals on their own with each assignment mark. â€Å"This necessitates defining goals for oneself, using self-directed strategies to accomplish these goals, and assessing progress† (Larsen and Thisted, 1999). The programme will involve behavioural objective questionnaires that will identify what the students want to achieve at Monash. This will include long-term goals (degree completion) as well as short-term goals (average subject result e. g. distinction, right down to improving structure of writing). â€Å"Defining tasks in terms of short-term goals can help students to associate effort with success, but of course long-term goals are also needed if students are to become lifelong â€Å"learners† (OECD, 2000, p. 31). It will also involve social objectives (develop a good rapport with teachers). Using behavioural objectives may help students organize and structure† their learning and â€Å"may produce positive attitudes toward learning† (Sorenson, Savage and Hartman, 1993). Also, they outline behavioural objectives of each student, which are associated with goal difficulty. In addition, a student performance evaluation form is to be handed in with each assignment, ou tlining specific goals that the essay is to achieve. For example, good use of relevant and current references, each paragraph systematically links one to the other etc. Also the overall mark the student expects on the assignment based on their effort. From this teachers are to use the check mark system and self-evaluation system to grade the work. It is very important to give feedback, especially in relation to student evaluation forms outlining their objectives. Limited feedback such as â€Å"meaning well done or â€Å"meaning re-consider, needs to be more specific. Effective feedback should provide shorthand comments, throughout the paper and on the marking sheet, clearly clarifying any issues. Such feedback is called evaluative feedback. Evaluative feedback helps the individual understand the performance information by comparing it to standards or to the individual’s own past performance† (Larsen and Thisted, 1999). In addition, it is important to direct them where possible to achieve a higher mark, therefore feedback needs to be constructive. â€Å"Constructive feedback is task-specific and focuses attention on the task† (L arsen and Thisted, 1999). By focusing on the task and â€Å"providing target objectives results in the achievement of more objectives† (Sambell and McDowell, 1998). When students use the check-mark system, they can identify what they must do to achieve higher marks. Obviously, the goal difficulty set by students varies among the constraints of his/her ability. In this programme, it is important to provide specific feedback and include student participation in selecting objectives. In light of this, between the behavioural objectives system, grading method and student outcomes, students should actually be motivated to increase performance under these systems. CONCLUSION The theoretical issues proposed in motivational theories such as the economic man developed by McGregor and the benefits of setting specific and difficult goals are important. The distinction on how they motivate an individual is a major influence on behaviour. Applying motivational theory to an educational context we draw our attention toward skill development, satisfaction and achievement. In developing a motivational programme, the focus was on assessment reform focusing on undergraduate business students at Monash University. Teachers and students need to work together in assessing ones performance. It is believed that â€Å"individuals are mutually motivated to learn when they do not have to fear failure, when they perceive what they are learning as being personally meaningful and relevant and when they are in respectful and supportive relationships with teachers† (OECD, 2000, p29). Therefore, by using a goal setting approach to motivate students, student participation in selection of objectives in as â€Å"research on the motivational value of goals, both the check-mark and behavioural/performance objective systems seem to motivate students to improve performance† (Sorenson, Savage and Hartman, 1993). However, with today’s rapid change and emergence of new knowledge and theory, universities will have more concepts on which to build and develop on â€Å"motivating the school’s participants so as to obtain the best possible educational results† (Panasuk and Lebaron, 1999). http://www. writing-expert. com/blog/sample-essays/essay-on-motivation. html How to cite Motivation Essay, Essay examples

Practice of Cash Converters and its Impact

Question: Discuss about the Practice of Cash Converters and its Impact. Answer: Introduction In the current scenario, financial institutions including money exchanger plays a very important role in easy running of day to day life of an individual. In order to meet any requirements either of the business or of the daily needs, every person and every organization requires the funds. These funds are obtained through these financial institutions by having the credit appraisal from the respective financial institutions and then according to the score and eligibility the fund is granted along with the schedule of repayment. In the given case study, the class action filed by customers against Cash Converters International Limited, being the renowned company for providing cash advance and cash loans, is discussed and its impact in terms of financial on the company itself and socially and ethically towards the stakeholders have been discussed. This is the very objective of the study and in order to make the study attractive the report has been bifurcated in different parts and therea fter the conclusion has been given. Class Action and Ethics in Practice Class Action is the term used to define the action taken by the group of people against some unjust done to them. In the given case, the class action has been taken by the group of people who have availed the services of the Cash Converters International Limited. The company is registered in Australia in the early eighties and since then has been engaged in the business of providing the cash loans and cash advances to the customers. Cash Converters International Limited main business is of franchising and has been one of the old franchisor in Australia (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016). Through the franchisees the cash loans and advances are given after appraising the financial documents and creditworthiness of the borrower. The main requirement is that the borrower should have the Australian Resident ship card. Being the company listed in the Australian Stock exchange, the customers have the view that the functioning of the company is very much true and fair and will not involve the c ustomers in any circumstances or any habit which is not ethical or which is against the prevailing norms of the business. But their views were wrong. In Actual the practice of the company to extent was not feasible. Some circumstances has happened which has led them to file Class Action. Class Action documented in Annual Report In the annual report of the company for the year ending 2015, the class action has been documented (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016). The main reason is the practice followed by the company. Company gives advance and loans to the borrowers as per result of their bank statement and income statement. All these loans are short term and not more than twelve months. They charges fees and pay the net amount to the borrower. In addition to this they have easily avoided the interest rate cap of forty eight percent and have charged the interest rates as up to six hundred and thirty three percent (Knaus, 2017). Also the fees that they have deducted from the loan amount as Establishment Fees gets included in the repayment schedule and very deceitfully gets the forged documents signed from the customer. This has been noticed by the customers at the very last stage when their earnings are going directly in the repayment of loan and they are having the cash crunch. This has led the customers to file suit against them for and on behalf of 37000 customers as Class Action. The customers belong to the period from 2009 to 2013 (Mauris, 2017). Ethics in Practice Ethics are defined as the set of standards for conduct for humans or organization which basically monitors and directs the behavior of the human or an organization. Ethics in business are thus defined as the standards that monitor and direct the behavior in doing business (Darus, 2015). In the given case study, Cash Converters International Limited have deliberately and knowingly that the act is not lawful have get the documents signed from the customers and have charged higher interest rates. Faced by the cash crunch and long due repayments, even then the customers are receiving the text message and e mail from the company stating the amount available for loan or advance. This has further led the customers to associate with the practice of Gambling or speculation. Borrowers in the view of repaying the loans avails higher amount of loan and thus the amount of principal gets increased and thereby the amount of interest gets high as much as not comparable. Therefore , the practice followed by the company is totally unethical as also mentioned in the theory of Consequential Ethics as the correctness of the act is solely determined by the consequence generated out of it. Thus, the practice is unethical which has led to class action and also the documentation in the Annual Report. Every organization will have the goodwill in terms of monetary as well non monetary terms if it follows ethics in business and have system of good corporate governance in place. On the other hand the company which have indulge its functions in an unethical practice and even violated the laws to higher extent then its repercussions will not only reflected in the financial terms but also in the non financial terms. The major financial impact has been noticed and observed in the annual report for the financial year ending 2015. It is the year in which the fact of class action has been mentioned. The practice that has led to such situations has been followed by the company from 2009 to the year 2013 (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016).. The company has the following in terms of the financial impact: The Net profit of the company has been relatively decreased by one hundred and eighty eight percent in the year ending 2015 as compared to the year ending 2014 (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016).. The profitability has been decreased mainly due to the fact that the settlement made in the class action comes out with twenty three million dollar which has been recognized as an expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss Account and has been correspondingly recognized as Liability in the Balance Sheet (Chettle, 2015). Earnings per share have been greatly decreased due the decrease in the Net Profit attributable to the shareholders of the company (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016).. This has further reduced the interest of the investors to invest in the company as the shareholders wealth has been greatly decreased. Thus, share price of the company has also been decreased. Cash Flows have the positive impact in the year 2015. The cash flows generated through the three activities namely investment, operating and financing have positive results and shows that the company is still cash rich company (Cash Converters Webiste, 2016). But on the other hand the cash flow position has been hampered due to the repayment of the different borrowers in the next year. Due to which the bank who has extended the credit facilities has taken their amount back being in a position of getting it as Non Performing Assets. Social Responsibility and Sustainability Corporate Social Responsibility is regarded as significant term in the todays era. It not only takes into account the growth and profitability of an organization but also considers the various interests of the society and the relevant environment. This consideration towards the society and the environment includes the effect of the activities and working of the organization towards the stakeholders, shareholders, customers, employees and all others. Corporate Sustainability is the term which is closely linked with the term of Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Sustainability is very broader in terms and is defined as the processes that balance the requirement of profit motive with the protection of environment and equitable distribution of resources in the Society. Both the concept being interchangeable shall be incorporated by every organization to ensure the ethic and corporate governance in system (Cocris, 2010). In general, the financial institutions shall have the policy documenting the social responsibility. It includes moral responsibility of the companies and employees, compliance with the statutory compliance, fulfilling the daily needs and requirements of the changing world and most importantly the management of these activities. In the given case study, Cash Converters being financial institution have followed and practiced the business of franchising but have deviated from these two concepts. The concepts major emphasis is on the stakeholders including the customers of the organization. The company has not considered its responsibility towards the society and environment rather has treated it as medium for earning profits by any means including cheating. Therefore, neither the company has followed neither the concept of corporate social responsibility nor the concept of sustainability and thus has led to the situation of class action. Conclusion Financial Institutions help every individual, company or any other person to meet their needs depending upon their profile. Cash Converters International Limited being well known company has been in the business of franchising since 1984 and is engaged in providing loans and advances to the prospective borrowers. Over the time the practice followed by the company has initiated the sense of gambling among the borrowers and which has ended up with the class action filed against the company. Due to this, the financial position and performance of the company has deteriorated. This has further thrown light on the non incorporation of corporate social responsibility and sustainability. Thus, to conclude every company shall have ethics in all functions of the organization. Reference Cash Converters Website, (2016), Annual Reports available on https://www.cashconverters.com/Investors/AnnualReports accessed on 11-04-2017. Knaus C, (2017), Cash Converters Profits Dive after move to stamp out high fee pay day loans, available at https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/mar/08/cash-converters-profits-dive-after-move-to-stamp-out-high-fee-payday-loans accessed on 12-04-2017. Mauris, (2017), Cash Converters Class Action in Queensland, available on https://www.mauriceblackburn.com.au/current-class-actions/cash-converters-class-action-in-queensland/ accessed on 12-04-2017. Chettle N, (2015), Cash Converters to refund thousands of people for charging up to 633% interest in loans, available on https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-18/cash-converters-reach-settlement-partial-refund-loans/6556018 accessed on 12-04-2017. Darus F, (2015), Ethical and Social Responsibility of Financial Institutions : Influence of Internal and External Pressure, available on https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212567115010990 accessed on 12-04-2017. Cocris V, (2010), Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability in Romanian Commercial Banks, available on https://anale.feaa.uaic.ro/anale/resurse/fin4cocris.pdf accessed on 11-04-2017.